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1.1 Background of confocal microscopy In 1955 Marvin Minsky developed the basic concept of confocal microscope when he was a Junior Fellow at Harvard University (Minsky, 1957). The principle of confocal microscopy is based on the rejection of the light from the planes out of focus. Minsky’s design performs a point-by-point image construction by focusing a point of light sequentially across a specimen and then collecting some of the returning rays. In this way, Minsky avoided most of the undesirable scattered light that obscures an image if the entire specimen is illuminated at the same time. In addition, the light that the specimen returns passes through a second pinhole aperture that rejects rays that are out of the focal point. The remaining selected light rays are then collected by a photomultiplier and the image is gradually reconstructed using a long-persistence screen. A real image was not formed in Minsky’s original microscope; the output from the photodetector was translated into an image of the region of interest. In Minsky’s original design the image was built up on the screen of a military surplus long persistence oscilloscope with no facility for hard copy. Minsky said later that the image quality in his microscope was not very impressive due to the quality of the oscilloscope display and not due to lack of resolution achieved with the microscope itself (Minsky, 1988). To obtain the image, Minsky scanned the specimen by moving the stage rather than the light rays. Using a 60 Hz solenoid to move the platform vertically and a lower-frequency solenoid to move it horizontally, Minsky obtained a frame rate around one image every 10 sec. Fig. 1 shows a scheme of Minsky’s invention. Although Minsky built his microscope with two objective lenses he realized that the system could work using a single objective lens operated in a reflected light mode. This mode is, in fact, how all current commercial confocal laser scanning microscopes (CLSM) systems work. Minsky’s invention remained largelly unnoticed, due most probably to the lack of intense light sources necessary for imaging and the computer horsepower required to handle large amounts of data. The great advances in computer, laser technology, and digital images acquisition have permitted to discover the application of the confocal microscope in a widely number of fields such as biology, geology or materials research. Laser light offers

Application of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy to the In-situ and Ex-situ Study of Corrosion Processes