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During the last several decades there have been widespread uses of potent substances that, although effective in their intended use, have also been suspected of being harmful to reproductive health. This mixture of environmental contaminants that may adversely affect human fertility includes heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic), phthalates (plasticizers), bisphenol-A (building block of several plastics), polychlorinated biphenyls (lubricants), dioxins (byproducts of manufacture), pesticides and other agents. The impact of adverse effects on reproductive health include impaired gametogenesis, sperm maturation, decreased semen quality, miscarriages, ovulation and menstrual disturbances, infertility, stillbirths, developmental anomalies, cryptorchidism, hypospadias and cancer. The effects can be reversible, permanent or even transgenerational, take place in the offspring, as exposure can occur during pregnancy and intrauterine life, childhood or later. The route of exposure, dose, age, gender and genotype (susceptibility of the individual) are important factors that can determine the reproductive disorder. In this chapter we focus on the effects of exposure to pesticides during adulthood, on human male and female fertility, giving emphasis to semen quality and time to pregnancy.

Pesticide Exposure and Health Related Issues in Male and Female Reproductive System