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Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the major oilseed crops. The fatty acid composition in oilseeds is an important consideration for breeding programs (Daun, 1998). Proper levels of unsaturated fatty acid moieties in vegetable oils have been recognized as good nutritional characteristics for health. One goal of breeding projects is the alteration of the fatty acid composition, for example, the reduction of the level of linoleic acid moiety. Then, its analytical method is of an important concern. However, the conventional method for the fatty acid composition is very time-consuming and much labor intensive. It includes milling samples, oil extraction from it, chemical-reaction, and gas-chromatographic (GC) or high performance liquid-chromatographic analysis. A simple and rapid method for the determination of the fatty acid composition is necessary for screening soybean varieties on the demands in breeding projects, where useful individuals are selected from a lot of samples to be tested. Furthermore, in this case, an individual seed is sometimes to be selected from many samples to be tested, and because of this situation, an analysis on a very small amount of sample is also demanded. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been recognized as one of the most powerful analytical tools (Osborne et al., 1993a; Panford, 1988; Osborne, 2007), and is widely used for the simple and rapid analyses of various agricultural and food products. NIR spectroscopy has also been used for the analysis of soybean constituents (Sato et al., 1994b; 2008). The fatty acid composition is an important index of fat or oil quality from nutritional point of view. Therefore, if NIR spectroscopy can be used for the analysis of the fatty acid composition, it would become an even more useful technique for soybean analysis. NIR analyses for the fatty acid composition have been carried out using a statistical method, i.e., a multivariate analysis (Pazdermik et al., 1997; Roberts et al., 2006; Patil et al., 2010). However, in this chapter, the author took another approach. The feasibility of NIR spectroscopy for estimating the fatty acid composition in soybean oil was examined according to the spectral patterns or assignments. Since the NIR spectral patterns were reflected by the fatty acid compositions, the absorption bands of cis-unsaturation and the carbon chain length of the fatty acid moieties in oil appear in the NIR wavelength region, especially around the 1600-1800 nm region (Sato et al., 1990, 1991, 1994a, 1995ab, 1998,

Estimation of Fatty Acid Composition in Soybean Powder by Examining Near Infrared Spectroscopic Patterns