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In the last 150 years, the human population has increased very rapidly in part due to the generalised use of agrochemicals, which enabled the development of intensive farming of food crops. Large monocultures are particularly vulnerable to pests, thus pesticides became widely used since the 1930 s to aid producing larger crops. However, within a few decades the collateral negative effects of pesticides on the environment became apparent (Nimmo & McEwen, 1994). The first paper on adverse effects of pesticides was published in the early 1940 s, but it was not until the 1960s that the Rachel Carsons review showed strong evidence of the environmental risk from the use of pesticides, particularly organochlorines such as the DDT (Nimmo & McEwen, 1994). This led to the search for alternatives, and in recent decades the organophosphorous (OPs) pesticides have become more used due to their short persistence in the environment and their high toxicity. These are lipophilic substances that penetrate through skin, and depending on their chemical structure are divided into phosphorotiates (e.g. methyl parathion, parathion, diazinon) and phosphoroditioates (e.g. malathion, dimetoate and azinfosmethyl). The biotransformation and activation pathways of OPs have been extensively reviewed (Jokanovic, 2001). Mainly, OPs interfere with transmission of nerve impulses as they inhibit the activity of serine esterases, particularly the catalytic activity of acetilcholinesterase (AChE). The chemical reactions occur largely in the liver, where the OP thioeter group is oxidized to the oxon metabolite (P=S→P=O) by the action of citochrome P450 monooxygenases. After this biotransformation the OPs can bioaccumulate, or they can become immediately toxic. Because of their chemical affinity, OPs bioaccumulate in adipose tissues, muscle, glands, gonads and organs such as the liver, kidneys and brain (Vittozzi et al., 2001). Fatty tissue stores both the original form and the oxon metabolites. This process reduces the concentrations of free OPs in blood, yet during periods of starvation or stress, when stored fat is mobilized to supply metabolic energy, the OPs are released, leading to re-intoxication (Jokanovic, 2001). Toxicity itself can occur in two ways: inhibition of

Organophosphorous Pesticides Exacerbate the Demographic Consequences of Intersexual Selection in Fish