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The mammalian auditory system is able to compute highly useful information by analyzing slight disparities in the information received by the two ears. Binaural information is used to build spatial representations of objects and also enhances our capacity to perform a fundamental structuring of perception referred to as ‘auditory scene analysis’ (Bregman, 1990) involving a parsing of the acoustic input stream into behaviourally-relevant representations. In a world that contains a cacophony of sounds, binaural hearing is employed to separate out concurrent sound sources, determine their locations, and assign them meaning. In the last several years our group has studied how binaural information is processed in the human auditory cortex, using a psychophysical paradigm to elicit binaural processing and using electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure cortical function. In our psychophysical paradigm listeners are posed with monaurally identical broadband sounds containing a timing or level disparity restricted to a narrow band of frequencies within their overall spectra. This results in the perception of a pitch corresponding to the affected frequency band, concurrent with, but spatially separated from, the remaining background (Yost, 1991). The illusion of “hearing out” (termed “dichotic pitch”) has a close analogy in the visual system, where retinal disparities in random dot stereograms can be used to achieve the “seeing out” of a shape displaced in depth from a random background (Julesz, 1971). Using EEG and MEG to measure brain activity in human listeners, we have found that the hearing out of dichotic pitches elicits a sequence of auditory cortical responses over a time window of some 150-400 ms after the onset of a dichotically-embedded pitch. In a series of experiments (Johnson et al., 2003; Hautus & Johnson, 2005; Johnson et al., 2007; Johnson & Hautus, 2010) we have shown that these responses correspond to functionally distinct stages of auditory scene analysis. Our data provide new insights into the nature, sequencing and timing of those stages.

Processing of Binaural Information in Human Auditory Cortex