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Multidisciplinary approaches in tissue engineering and nanotechnology have resulted in the availability of new materials whose design and fabrication is inspired by the natural constituents of living organisms. This “bioinspired” approach of designing and manufacturing materials is referred to as biomimetism because materials made by this method exhibit the same structural and functional properties that are seen in naturally occurring biological materials. Thus in general terms, biomimetism or biomimetics as it is also called [Vincent 2003], can be defined as a two way path leading from biology to engineering and back, but in more scientific terms, biomimetic production of materials follows the principles and/or processes of biology to obtain end products that are useful for biological and non biological applications. Some examples of such successfully developed products are: (1) commercially important organic compounds that are made by in vitro replication of a specific in vivo metabolic pathway e.g. coloring agents lycopene, ┚carotene, and astaxanthin [Dixon 2005, Chemler & Koffas 2008] and anti-cancer drugs paclitaxel, shikonin, geraniol [Chemler & Koffas 2008; Kolewe et al., 2008] (2) superhydrophobic and superadhesive glues that are manufactured by imitating processes similar to those seen in the lotus leaf, bee hive, gecko foot and rose petals [Feng & Jiang, 2006; Feng et al., 2003; Nystrom et al., 2006, Nystrom et al., 2010, Lee et al., 2007; Kamino, 2008, Liu et al., 2010] (3) design of anti-fogging and antireflection coatings that are inspired by materials seen in mosquito eyes [Liu et al., 2010]. Along with these successful attempts there are also examples, where the application of biomimetic designing has so far not yielded the desired product. Engineering of Type I collagen is one such case where the natural target molecule exhibits divergent properties in different tissues ranging from the high Young’s modulus bearing substance in the matrix of the bone, to being the highly deformable elastomer in tendons, and exhibiting ideal optical properties in the multi-layered corneal tissue but it has not been possible to incorporate all these properties into a biomimetically produced collagen molecule [Weiner & Wagner, 1998, Meek & Fullwood, 2001]. Most strategies in biomimetic material design and manufacturing involve the generation of hierarchical assemblies of multiple components; therefore the bioactive and self healing products that are thus obtained get referred to as “functional hybrids”. Although these

Bioinspired and Biomimetic Functional Hybrids as Tools for Regeneration of Orthopedic Interfaces