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Heat transfer in particulate materials is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature, affecting a great number of applications ranging from multi-phase reactors to kilns and calciners. The materials used in these type of applications are typically handled and stored in granular form, such as catalyst particles, coal, plastic pellets, metal ores, food products, mineral concentrates, detergents, fertilizers and many other dry and wet chemicals. Oftentimes, these materials need to be heated and cooled prior to or during processing. Rotary calciners are most commonly used mixing devices used in metallurgical and catalyst industries (Lee, 1984; Lekhal et. al., 2001). They are long and nearly horizontal rotating drums that can be equipped with internal flights (baffles) to process various types of feedstock. Double cone impregnators are utilized to incorporate metals or other components into porous carrier particles while developing supported catalysts. Subsequently, the impregnated catalysts are heated, dried and reacted in rotating calciners to achieve the desired final form. In these processes, heat is generally transferred by conduction and convection between a solid surface and particles that move relative to the surface. Over the last fifty years, there has been a continued interest in the role of system parameters and in the mechanisms of heat transfer between granular media and the boundary surfaces in fluidized beds (Mickey & Fairbanks, 1955; Basakov, 1964; Zeigler & Agarwal, 1969; Leong et.al., 2001; Barletta et. al., 2005), dense phase chutes, hoppers and packed beds (Schotte, 1960; Sullivan & Sabersky, 1975; Broughton & Kubie, 1976; Spelt et. al., 1982; Patton et. al., 1987; Buonanno & Carotenuto, 1996; Thomas et. al., 1998; Cheng et. al., 1999), dryers and rotary reactors and kilns (Wes et. al., 1976; Lehmberg et. al., 1977). More recently, experimental work on fluidized bed calciner and rotary calciners/kilns have been reported by LePage et.al, 1998; Spurling et.al., 2000, and Sudah. et al., 2002. In many of these studies, empirical correlations relating bed temperature to surface heat transfer coefficients for a range of operating variables have been proposed. Such correlations are of restricted validity because they cannot be easily generalized to different equipment geometries and it is risky to extrapolate their use outside the experimental range of variables studied. Moreover, most of these models do not capture particle-surface interactions or the detailed microstructure of the

Experimentally Validated Numerical Modeling of Heat Transfer in Granular Flow in Rotating Vessels