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1.1 Herbicides and their toxicity Agricultural herbicides play undoubted beneficial roles in preserving crop yields, although they may pose serious concerns for the environment and humans because of their widespread and intensive use/misuse (due to careless applications, high and repeated application rate, accidental spillage). It is also evident the potential to injure non-target cultivars and microorganisms, in particular those contributing to soil quality, and to cause adverse side-effects in mammals, including humans (Cabral et al.,2003; Cabral et al.,2004). Herbicide-related toxicity may be often underestimated because little information is provided on the effects of herbicides as complete formulations. As a matter of fact, acute or chronic toxicity tests are generally carried out using pure active ingredients (AIs). Herbicide-induce damaging effects are proportional to the absorbed substance and to the time of exposure, but also to the inherent characteristics of each compound. Agriculturists are most likely exposed to acute intoxication, by inhalation or direct contact with toxic substances, though each person can be subjected to possible toxic effects due to accumulation of pesticide residues in the body, being the diet the most important source of exposure. Typically, pure herbicide molecules are of limited value to end users. To give them practical value and make them usable, most herbicides are combined with appropriate solvents or surfactants to obtain a formulation. A given chemical may be formulated in a variety of differing formulations and sold under different trade names. For this reason, pure AIs are mixed with coformulants, also called ‘inert’ or auxiliary substances, to allow their use in common and convenient vehicles, such as water, and to obtain uniform and effective distributions. Several substances fall within the definition of coformulant, including: carrier substances, solvents, surfactants, dispersing agents, adhesives, absorption-promoting agents, antioxidants, bactericides, dyes, fillers, and perfumes. Coformulants can have various technical and physico/chemical properties in relation to their function in the pesticide formulation. These chemicals can be expected to have various toxicological profiles, some of them harmless (e.g., water) and some with serious toxicological properties (e.g., the organic solvent isophorone, which is a suspected carcinogen). Because

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae as a Tool to Evaluate the Effects of Herbicides on Eukaryotic Life