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Acoustics is the physics of sound. Sound is the sensation, as detected by the ear, of very small rapid changes in the air pressure above and below a static value. This static value is atmospheric pressure (about 100,000 Pascals), which varies slowly. Associated with a sound pressure wave is a flow of energy. Physically, sound in air is a longitudinal wave where the wave motion is in the direction of the movement of energy. The wave crests are the pressure maxima, while the troughs represent the pressure minima (Comsol, 2007a). Sound results when the air is disturbed by some source. An example is a vibrating object, such as a speaker cone in a hi-fi system. It is possible to see the movement of a bass speaker cone when it generates sound at a very low frequency. As the cone moves forward, it compresses the air in front of it, causing an increase in air pressure. Then it moves back past its resting position and causes a reduction in air pressure. This process continues, radiating a wave of alternating high and low pressure at the speed of sound. Plane waves of constant frequency propagating through bulk materials have amplitudes that typically decrease exponentially with increasing propagation distance, such that the magnitude of the complex pressure amplitude varies as (Rossing, 2007)

Finite Element Modelling of Sound Transmission Loss in Reflective Pipe