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The transformations of the last twenty years in Bulgaria have split the social stratum into very many fragmented pieces, such as: low-cost labour; a low technological level; low investment and rates of return; lost markets; doomed pensioners; failed businesses; inadequate salaries; failed reforms in the public sector; and, perhaps most importantly, a fresh increase in the poverty level and social disequilibrium, added to the increased purchases of one-way tickets for an ever-increasing share of young labour migrants. The country is already in its fourth year of full membership of the EU, but it has many obstacles to overcome. Meanwhile, the economic situation in Bulgaria offers two paradoxes – an education market paradox (expensive state-funded education services, marketed as ‘social goals’); and a labour market paradox (the pay rates of salaried workers are equal to or lower than the pay rates of waged workers). Thus, efficiency on the labour market, which should be a result of the quality of educated individuals, is both ambiguous and controversial.

Bulgaria: transition revised – social fragmentation and the increase in poverty