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Statements that make us think – why is this phenomenon of such importance in Albznia? ‘The last piece of domino,’ as communist Albania was called in the western media, fell one year after the Berlin Wall, in December 1990 (Lami, 1999). In the context of former communist countries in eastern Europe, it took more time and effort for Albania to pass through what is generally accepted as one of the most repressive and centralised communist regimes in the world. Over the last seventeen years, Albania has experienced remarkable political, social and economic developments in the transition from a closed and centralised economy towards one based on an open market. The transformation process, developed during a period of economic and political unrest, has affected social and demographic changes and was accompanied by large flows of people moving within and out of the country. Migration, both internal and international, has increasingly been seen as a process involving economic developments, political changes, urbanisation, modernisation and demographic changes. According to Mullan (2001), migration has dramatic social, cultural and economic consequences for individuals, families, communities, society, regions and the country as a whole. As such, migration (internal and external) has been one of the most dynamic features of the Albanian transition. The role of migration is reflected in the total population decrease; the massive urbanisation of some areas and the depopulation of others; increased levels of conflict in urban areas because of the difficult integration process of migrants; social and cultural transformation in the regions; changes in the sex and age structure of the population; and other dynamic changes. Different data suggest that around 1 000 000 Albanians have moved temporarily or permanently over the border since the beginning of the transition period (INSTAT, 2004; Barjaba, 2003; Labour Market Review of Albania, 2006). Moreover, in the last census (2001) the urban population increased visibly compared with the previous one,

Migration in the Albania of the post-1990s: triggered by post-communist transformations and facilitator of socio-demographic changes