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Vor genau funfhundert Jahren verlieh ein Breve von Papst Si~.tus IV. der Kotner Universitat als geistlicher Zensurbehorde ein zeitlich wie ortlich unbeschranktes Recht zur Zensur. Durch die Diskussion vor und nach der Mediendeklaration der UNESCO von 1978 ist im Bereich der internationalen Kommunikation die Frage der Zensur fur die Lander der sogenannten "Dritten Welt" besonders wichtig. Sie befurchten eine geistige Uberfremdung und mochten aufgrund eigener politischer Interessen die Kommunikationsflut aus den westlichen Staaten steuern. In der Sowjetunion und den meisten Landern des sozialistischen Lagers, aber auch in manchen sich "demokratisch" nennenden westlichen Landern ist die Meinungsfreiheit - wenn auch verdeckt - oft mehr Ideal als Wirklichkeit. (...) English The practice of censorship still existing in some countries raises the question of the origins of such an institution. The answer that the Church must have been the instigator is as simplistic as it is contestable. In 1479 Pope Sixtus IV asked the University of Cologne, upon its own recommendation, to proceed with appropriate means of counteracting printers, buyers and readers ofhereticalliterature. As early as 1517an essential part ofthe Church's attitude towards books and periodicals was inserted into the civil laws for the first time in the German Empire, and declared generally binding. Although the conclusions of the Council of Trent did not become the law of the Empire, they formed the basis of many decisions made by Imperial bodies. In 1564 Pope Pius IV published the first Index ofProhibited Books in the light ofthe Tridentine conclusions. Feelings of insecurity and anxiety were reasons for the establishment of censorship, and its practice during Reformation times (1478-1648) can be considered as one of the first important reactions to a changing Christian outlook. Church and State worked tagether to withstand the challenge to the endangered structure of the medieval "Weltbild". The elfects of this surveillance by both religious and civil authorities on books and periodicals produced du ring the Reformation are uneven, and further studies are necessary. One result, however, was that until the mid-I8th century there was no awareness ofthe general rights ofhuman freedom.

Mahnmal statt Jubiläum*: Nährboden und Grundlage kirchlicher Zensur vor und nach 1479