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RAPID COMMUNICATIONS GEMS & GEMOLOGY SPRING 2009 n June 2007, delegates from 171 countries convened at The Hague to decide which species to include under the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) agreement. The aim of CITES is to ensure that international trade in plant and animal specimens does not threaten their survival. The species covered by the convention are listed in three appendices, according to the degree of protection they need. Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction, where trade is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. Species in Appendix II are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but their trade must be controlled to avoid use that would threaten their survival. Appendix III contains species that are protected in at least one country that has asked other CITES parties for assistance in controlling the trade. The gemological significance of this triennial meeting is that corals from the Corallium genus, the most important of all gem coral species, were being considered for protection under Appendix II (CITES, 2008a). Ultimately, it was decided not to include them. More recently, on April 8, 2008, China, which now has domestic laws to protect these species, requested that CITES include four Corallium species (C. elatius, C. japonicum, C. konjoi, and C. secundum) under Appendix III (Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008). Meanwhile, the Stylasteridae family, which includes all Stylaster gem corals (e.g., figure 1), remained listed under Appendix II of CITES (as of January 18, 1990), which means a certificate issued by the management authority from the country (or state) of export is required (CITES, 2008b). Pink-to-red corals have been used for ornamental purposes for about 10,000 years (Liverino, 1989). According to Rolandi et al. (2005), there are two classes, Hydrozoa and Anthozoa, within the Cnidaria phylum (i.e., cnidarians) that have skeletons durable enough for use in gem materials and carvings. These two classes each contain a family (Stylasteridae and Coralliidae, respectively) that together yield the majority of pink-to-red coral species used for ornamentation (Pienaar, 1981; Rolandi et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2007). Most corals found in the IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENDANGERED PINK-TO-RED STYLASTER CORALS BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Identification of the Endangered Pink-to-Red <i>Stylaster</i> Corals by Raman Spectroscopy