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In grammatical error correction (GEC), the automatic evaluation of system performance is thought to be an essential driving force. Previous methods for automated system assessment require gold-standard references, which have to be created manually and thus tend to be both expensive and limited in coverage. To address this problem, a reference-less approach has recently emerged; however, previous referenceless metrics, which only consider the grammaticality of system outputs, have not performed as well as reference-based metrics. In this study, we explore the potential of extending a prior grammaticality-based method to establish a reference-less evaluation method for GEC systems. We empirically show that a reference-less metric that combines both fluency and meaning preservation with grammaticality provides a better estimate of manual scores than that of commonly used reference-based metrics. Additionally, we show that the reference-less metric can provide appropriate evaluation at the sentence-level and that it can be applied to GEC systems.

A Reference-less Evaluation Metric Based on Grammaticality, Fluency, and Meaning Preservation in Grammatical Error Correction