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The current concept of “effective dose” is not universally safe and could have an important impact on public health. Setting norms and standards for radiation will be much simpler and stricter when they are based on actual, physically measured levels of radionuclides in the body (Bq/kg) and the environment (Bq/m2). Such new standards should correspond to the actual level of anthropogenic radioactive contamination. Analysis of the existing health impact from low-level irradiation leads to the conclusion that the basic level of radiation safety should be within the range of 500–5000 Bq/m2 for additional external γ-emission and 10–100 Bq/kg for additional internal γ-emission.Competing Interests. The author declares no competing financial interests

A Review and Critical Analysis of the “Effective Dose of Radiation” Concept, Part II — An Approach to an Objective Assessment of Human Radiation Risk