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It has been required to install a large number of renewable energy (RE), such as photovoltaic systems (PVs) to solve the environmental problem. However, an electricity grid with RE occurs problems of power shortages and surpluses because of uncertainties in generating RE outputs. In addition, demand response (DR) can restrain both shortages and surpluses caused by PV outputs, but, on the other hand, DR may increase the impact of power shortages and surpluses due to the uncertainties of DR capabilities. Energy storage systems (ESSs) can be used to solve supply reliability problems, but the number of installed ESSs should be minimized considering their high cost. This study demonstrates that the optimal allocation of PVs and ESSs can be achieved that satisfies minimization of installed ESSs, the PVs installation target, and the constraints of the probabilistic indices for shortage and surplus to evaluate uncertainties of PV outputs and DR capabilities. The results show that PVs and ESSs are allocated in each bus, satisfying the PV installation target and the constraints of the supply reliability.

proceedings of the iscie international symposium on stochastic systems theory and its applications

Optimal Allocation of Photovoltaic Systems and Energy Storage Systems Considering Uncertainties in the Outputs of Photovoltaics and the Capabilities of Demand Response