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Summary: The Podostemaceae, an unusual aquatic angiosperm family, have unique morphological features. Particularly, in some species the shoot is considered to lack the shoot apical meristem. However, interpretations of whether a shoot apical meristem is present or absent vary from one scientist to another. Here I describe anatomical and developmental studies on the shoot in subfamily Podostemoideae. Some species of Podostemoideae have no shoot apical meristem in the shoot tip where the youngest and second-youngest leaf primordia contact tightly with each other. Some species belonging to the American clades of Podostemoideae form a new leaf primordium at the base of the forgoing one. Furthermore, in some species belonging to the Asian-Australian clade, leaf formation occurs endogenously accompanied with cell separation at the base of the second-youngest leaf primordium, where a new leaf forms, and with tissue splitting in a region between the youngest two leaf primordia, where the shoot apical meristem exists in other angiosperms. In contrast, the shoots of subfamily Tristichoideae and Weddellinoideae are interpreted to have a shoot apical meristem. Taking phylogenetic relationships into account, it may be likely that leaf formation without shoot apical meristem, that is not associated by cell separation appeared in the ancestor of the American clades of Podostemoideae and subsequently was further modified into a more specialized mode involving cell separation in the Asian-Australian clade.

Morphological development and evolution of the shoot in Podostemceae(aquatic angiosperms)