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The world ocean holds vastly more carbon than the atmosphere (~60 times more during preindustrial times). Therefore, a relatively small change in the oceanic carbon inventory can lead to a large change in atmospheric pCO2 and thus in global climate. Also, the large capacity of the ocean to store carbon means that perturbations to atmospheric pCO2 can be damped by the ocean through air-sea CO2 exchange. The timescale of change for the ocean spans decades to centuries, much longer than those for the atmosphere or the land biosphere. Thus, the ocean has long been considered key to understanding global carbon cycle changes that occurred over glacial-interglacial timescales and that are likely to occur on decadal to centennial timescales in the future. One of the important drivers of the ocean carbon cycle is the biological pump, the vertical transport of carbon from the surface to the deep ocean by sinking particulate organic matter (POM). This carbon export process can sequester carbon in the ocean interior for centuries until overturning circulation returns it to the surface. As Broecker (1982) first proposed, changes in the strength of the biological pump can alter the amount of carbon sequestered in the ocean and has the potential to drive large variations in atmospheric pCO2. For example, strengthening of the pump can reduce pCO2 and often requires increasing the oceanic inventories or surface supply rates of limiting nutrients such as phosphorus (Broecker, 1982), nitrogen (Falkowski, 1997), and iron (Martin, 1990). Here, we aim to examine a new twist to the biological pump under climate change, namely, how flexible elemental stoichiometry of phytoplankton modifies carbon export as the marine environment changes. This idea was originally suggested by Peter Weyl to Broecker (1982) in the context of glacial pCO2 and subsequently mentioned infrequently in the literature. Our goal in this work is to introduce how this twist might manifest under glacial conditions (Matsumoto et al., 2020) as well as under future warming conditions (recent work of authors Matsumoto and Tanioka), for which environmental drivers are arguably more easily understood.

Linkages Between Dynamic Phytoplankton C:N:P and the Ocean Carbon Cycle Under Climate Change