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This paper describes the search, discovery and inspection of a World War II (WW II)-era Japanese midget submarine discovered in waters off Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This discovery was made on August 28, 2002, by the Pisces IV and Pisces V, two deep-diving submersibles operated by personnel from the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL), one of six research centers comprising the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Undersea Research Program (NURP). This Japanese midget submarine was the first vessel sunk in the attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, and it is evidence of the first shot of the war in the Pacific. The sunken midget sub was located during the last of a series of test and training dives conducted annually in the military debris fields off Pearl Harbor. This midget submarine find has been described as the most significant modern marine archeological find ever in the Pacific, second only to the finding of the Titanic in the Atlantic. The Japanese midget submarine was one of five attached to five I-class mother submarines and launched in the predawn hours before the aerial attack, within a few miles of Pearl Harbor. These midget submarines had orders to infiltrate the Pearl Harbor Naval Base and sink capital ships once the air raid began. Each submarine carried a crew of two. The submarines were battery powered, 24 m long, 2 m diameter and displaced nearly 42,000 kg submerged. They carried two torpedoes and a scuttling charge to avoid capture. Although experimental in design, they were very advanced for their time. For short periods, they could run at 10 m / s (20 kts). All five of the submarines comprising the advanced attack force were sunk or captured. The type A midget submarines had a series of basic design problems including trim and ballast control as well as battery life and battery monitoring. The Japanese midget submarines, although believed at the time to be a potent secret weapon, in actual fact, were never highly effective. So far, four of the five original midget submarines attacking Pearl Harbor have been found. The discovery of the midget submarine confirms the account radioed to naval command at Pearl Harbor at 6:45 am on December 7, 1941. A Japanese submarine was shot through the conning tower and then depth charged trying to enter Pearl Harbor behind a cargo ship. There were standing U.S. orders to attack any submarine, inside a defensive sea area, that was not surfaced and escorted by a U.S. Naval vessel. The crew of the attacking USS Ward, an older style four-stack destroyer, fired the fatal shot from its four-inch side gun. Unfortunately, the Naval command in Pearl Harbor ignored the Ward's report and the aerial attack began at 8 a.m. At the Pearl Harbor investigation, some question was made of the accuracy of the Ward's report. The Ward itself was sunk by a kamikaze strike, ironically on December 7, 1944, exactly three years after the Pearl Harbor attack.

The Search, Discovery, and Survey of a World War II Japanese Type "A" Midget Submarine