English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Grassroots Impacts on the Civil Rights Movement: Christian Women Leaders’ Contributions to the Paradigm Shift in the Tactics of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Its Affiliates By Wook Jong Lee Claremont Graduate University: 2018 This dissertation examines the historical factors that built grassroots movements during the civil rights era of the United States. These movements were produced by Christian women leaders, and they influenced a crucial transition in the leadership of the civil rights movement. Through their training and mobilizing tactics, women civil rights leaders utilized grassroots leadership to help major civil rights organizations, such as SCLC, SNCC, CORE, COFO, and the NAACP, work closely with local black people in the South who struggled with their underprivileged circumstances. This project investigates the key role of the grassroots leadership of Christian women leaders, which led civil rights leaders to learn how to train and work together with local black people to desegregate voter registration and which drove their voting rights movement to succeed in achieving the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The nationwide successes of the Birmingham Campaign, the Freedom Summer Project, the St. Augustine Movement, and the Selma to Montgomery marches were essentially based on the Citizenship School, and Christian women leaders trained the major civil rights activists of these movements. This dissertation identifies the contributions of the women leaders’ Citizenship School as key to these successes during the civil rights movement. The grassroots leadership of the Christian women leaders was developed on the basis of their religious convictions for pursuing the beloved community. The concept of the beloved community, an integrated community, is founded in the black church tradition of freedom movements, which began during the slavery era. Using the Christian value of humanity as the children of God, women civil rights leaders developed the self-awareness of grassroots people in the local South and encouraged them to fight against social injustice with determined spirits for freedom. The Citizenship School of the women leaders transitioned the main stream of the civil rights movement from a focus on mass movements to the training and mobilizing of grassroots people in the South. By developing the individuality of grassroots people’s efforts for civil rights, women civil rights leaders produced the multiple grassroots leaders who led the voting rights movement from 1960 to 1965. The grassroots tactics of the Citizenship School provided the paradigm shift of the civil rights movement by transferring leadership from top, elite leaders to grassroots leaders during the voting rights movement. The grassroots tactics also played an essential role in breaking through the stagnation of the civil rights movement and mobilizing underprivileged local people in the South who could not pass the literacy exam for voter registration; the direct orders of the hierarchical leaders had not been able to motivate them to dedicate their lives to the voting rights movement. This dissertation provides historical evidence of this leadership transition and of women leaders’ contributions to the transition, which led the civil rights movement to achieve success in desegregating voting rights. Moreover, this historical research demonstrates that the Christian faith of the grassroots women leaders, based in the tradition of the black church, contributed to the unification of diverse civil rights organizations in the pursuit of common goals for the voting rights of grassroots people and for building the beloved community during the civil rights movement era. In dedication to my beloved daughter, Theophilia Sinae Lee 12.04.2008-12.19.2008 When the white snow is falling down, I am roaming around the field, Going for a visit to the path with memory of my old love. On one spring day when the snow is melting down, On the green leaf, my old love, your image remains for all eternity. Young Hoon Lee, Old Love

Grassroots Impacts on the Civil Rights Movement: Christian Women Leaders’ Contributions to the Paradigm Shift in the Tactics of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Its Affiliates