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Objective:To describe the di culties faced by immigrant Chinese mothers caring for their children in Japan and their process of coping with cross-cultural experiences. Methods:We conducted semi-structured interviews of 8 Chinese–Japanese mothers living in the Tokyo metropolitan area who had given birth to and were caring for their children in Japan. A qualitative descriptive research method was used. Results:We found 3 categories of di culties that these women faced repeatedly: 1) Could not imagine how to be a Japanese mother; 2) Were confronted by a wall of a di erent culture; 3) Lost their sense of self in cross-cultural experiences. We found 1 common category of coping: We found 1 category of outcomes from coping with di culties: ey found new identities as mothers with both Japanese and Chinese cultural characteristics. Conclusion:We found that they coped with their di culties by observational learning and imitation, and that this result resembles the stage theory of culture shock proposed by Pedersen; that is, Chinese–Japanese mothers experienced intercultural adjustment and mothering together over time, because caring for their children forced them to acclimate to their new culture.

Cross-Cultural Experiences of Immigrant Chinese Mothers Caring forTheir Children in Japanese Society:The Process of Coping with Difficulties