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It is known that a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is a major risk factor for recurrent ischaemic events as well as bleeding in atrial fibrillation (AF), so effective anticoagulation is of key importance in this high-risk subgroup. Therefore, I read with interest the paper by Lasek-Bal et al. [1]. The authors presented an observational study on Polish patients with AF and previous stroke or TIA, who were treated with rivaroxaban and followed-up for 24 months. The results support the use of rivaroxaban for prevention of recurrent stroke in patients with AF. There are still few studies confronting the current data obtained in Polish clinics with a rapidly growing number of international registries or those from Western European countries. A subgroup analysis of the ROCKET-AF study demonstrated that the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin did not differ among AF patients with or without previous stroke or TIA [2]. Unfortunately, the current study did not include a prospective or historic control group on vitamin K antagonists. It remains to established whether also in Poland rivaroxaban versus warfarin or acenocoumarol are similarly effective and safe when administered to real-life patients with nonvalvular AF. The authors focused on bleeding complications during follow-up and showed a rather low rate of these events (less than 1%, n = 2). Piccini et al. [3] reported in the ROCKET-AF study (with as many as 52% of AF patients following cerebrovascular events) that during a median follow-up of 1.9 years 5.5% of patients experienced major bleeding. Surprisingly, epistaxis was common in this group (6.2%), while in the ROCKET-AF group 3.2% of the patients on rivaroxaban experienced this complication in contrast to about 50% of the bleeding patients who had upper or lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding (one case of a total of 25 in the present study) [3]. The odd pattern of the location of bleeds suggests that in a small cohort the incidence of bleeding events is barely predictable with the single benefit of paramount importance: intracranial bleedings are quite uncommon. For this reason, since none of the patients was lost to follow-up, it would also be of interest to show the characteristics of bleeding AF patients, their renal function in particular. Were there any differences in bleeding risk factors listed in the HAS-BLED scale or other independent risk factors for major bleeding already identified in the ROCKET-AF, namely a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, increased age, baseline diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, prior gastrointestinal bleeding, prior acetylsalicylic acid use, or anaemia [4]? Were all the 25 bleeding patients in the high-risk group based on the HAS-BLED score, i.e. with three points or more? Moreover, given the slim chance of approving an antidote to factor Xa inhibitors (e.g. andexanet alpha currently tested in a phase III trial) in the near future, a practising Polish physician dealing with patients receiving rivaroxaban would appreciate information on the management of major bleedings in the patient group analysed by Lasek-Bal et al. [1]. Did the patients receive prothrombin complex concentrates, platelet concentrates, antifibrinolytics, or recombinant factor VIIa? Detailed information at least for the two patients who experienced major bleeding, including one case of intracranial bleed, could help optimise the management of rare bleeding events in patients on rivaroxaban in Polish hospitals. To increase the safety of rivaroxaban use, laboratory monitoring of its anticoagulant effects could be considered. Poor adherence to this agent with a half-life of 8–12 h is a challenge and inter-individual differences in the anti-Xa activity at the similar time since the last intake of rivaroxaban

kardiologia polska

Commentary to the article: “Rivaroxaban in secondary cardiogenic stroke prevention: two-year single-centre experience based on follow-up of 209 patients”