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On February 6, 1847, the surgeon Professor Ludwik Bierkowski (whose bust is pictured below on the square at 7 Kopernik St. in Krakow) used ether to anaesthetise a patient for the first time in Poland. This took place in Krakow — 170 years ago — less than 5 months after the first use of ether for general anaesthesia by William Morton in Boston on October 16, 1846. Until that time, surgical procedures were characterised by unimaginable pain and stress, as a result of which the mortality rate of operated patients immediately after or during surgery was probably very high, reaching doubledigit percentage values. The practical introduction of ether, as well as chloroform (by Scottish physician James Young Simpson in 1847) and nitrous oxide (by Horace Wells in 1845) expanded operational capabilities in the second half of the nineteenth century. Although little is known about the safety of patients being treated at that time, anaesthesiarelated mortality reported for the first time by Ernst Gurtl on a group of several hundred thousand patients [1] during the period 1890–1895 was as follows: for chloroform anaesthesia — 1 death per approximately 2,000 surgeries; ether — 1 death per approximately 6,000 surgeries; and for combined anaesthesia with an ether-chloroform mixture — 1 death per approximately 10,000 surgeries. The latter rate

Rola anestezjologii i intensywnej terapii w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa pacjenta w okresie okołooperacyjnym: przeszłość, teraźniejszość i przyszłość