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Glycans are often regarded as the third biological chains of fundamental biopolymers, following nucleic acids (first chain) and proteins (second chain). Proteins are easily understandable as they are the principal gene products (nucleic acids). The protein synthetic mechanism is similar among species, and thus the principles clarified in lower organisms are also applicable to humans. In contrast, glycans are synthesized sequentially by more than 180 kinds of enzymes called glycosyltransferases. The substrate specificity of glycans amazingly changes along with the evolution of species, resulting in wide differences in monosaccharides which make up glycans and also in their structural sequences between the lower organisms and humans. This is interesting, as nucleotides and amino acids which make up nucleic acids and proteins have barely evolved. There are a few monosaccharides that are common between bacteria and humans, but the majority varies. Equally, with animals and plants, a large part of the monosaccharides are uncommon. Glycans also differ between anthropoids including humans and other mammals such as pigs, cattle and lower species.

Development of basic tools for glycoscience and their application to cancer diagnosis