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Optical elements and thei r product ion method have appeared since 1600 are shown schematically in Figure 1. Manufacturing in this field can be classified into “optical material” and “microfabrication”. The development of materials with properties required through the design such as refraction index and dispersion, the precise processing following the characterization are continued repeatedly until they satisfy each other. During the period from 1600 to 1800, various theories were formulated in geometric optics and wave optics based on three optical elements: lens, prism, and diffraction grating. Such theory and optical design led the manufacturing. The manufacturing responded to the demands accurately, and in turn promoted further

A challenge to the low-cost production of highly functional optical elements