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In this article we introduce the concept of biological rhythms in fish welfare and critically discuss a neglected aspect: time-dependent issues. First we should consider that fish, like most living organisms, posses a clock that drives rhythmic biological functions. Therefore, fish stress responses are strongly affected by the time of stressor exposure (e.g. day/night) according to their daily pattern of behavior (diurnal/nocturnal). Furthermore, drugs affect fish differently depending of time of administration. For instance, commonly used substances such as anesthetics may have strikingly different effects depending on the time of day. MS-222 -the most widely used fish anestheticshas fastest effects and higher toxicity when applied during daytime, but it is much less toxic at night. Surprisingly, no attention has been paid to this time-dependent factor when establishing dosages and protocols for fish anesthesia and euthanasia. In summary, there is a need to take into account properly the role of biological rhythms when discussing fish welfare issues and regulations by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

Fish welfare and biological rhythms: time to regulate