English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The use of gas engines fuelled by non-natural gases (NNG) for power generation and heat is key to exploiting resources in a more environmentally friendly manner and achieving a general reduction in CO2 emissions, Fig. 1. NNG encompasses landfill gas, flare gas, coal mine gas, sewage gas, biogas and a variety of other special gases. This group of special gases includes, above all, waste gases from industrial processes (e.g., gases from steel production). These gases are often used inefficiently or not at all to produce (thermal) energy. Large bore gas engines are best suited to exploit these waste gases. Created during the steel production process, blast furnace gas (BFG) is a good example of a waste gas that would otherwise not be exploited that could be used to operate a gas engine. Another type of waste gas is flare gas that leaks from petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants, and oil or gas production sites. The energy content of flare gas can also be used for power generation and to operate the plant itself. In general, NNG vary widely in their composition depending on where and how they are produced and how much is produced. Due to their particular characteristics, each of these gases requires a specially designed engine concept. Gas engines that burn NNG are normally more difficult to operate than those that run on natural gas (NG), mainly because of the greatly fluctuating gas compositions and the intermittent availability of these gases. The gas properties that vary, for example, lower calorific value and methane number, require very robust combustion concepts and sophisticated monitoring and control strategies. An overview of the wide variety of compositions of gaseous fuels including NNG used in combustion engines can be found in [1]. Research [2] provides examples of gas engine applications that use waste gases. An engine series capable of burning nonLDM COMPACT – A Methodology for Development of Gas Engines for Use with Low Environmental Impact Non-Natural Gas Šauperl, I. – Wimmer, A. – Dimitrov, D. – Zelenka, J. – Pirker, G. – Schneßl, E. – Winter, H. Igor Šauperl1 – Andreas Wimmer2 – Dimitar Dimitrov1 – Jan Zelenka1 – Gerhard Pirker1 – Eduard Schneßl1 – Hubert Winter1 1 LEC GmbH, Austria 2 Graz University of Technology, Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Austria

LDM Compact – A Highly Efficient Method for Developing Gas Engines for Use with Low Environmental Impact Non-Natural Gas