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The article explores whether the EU has advanced as a peace actor since the inception of ESDP with respect to its comprehensive approach to peace building. An overview of EU (military and civilian) crisis management operations in Africa serves to address questions on planning, lessons learned, cooperation among EU member states and institutions and with international actors and the link to capability development. While the emerging picture is mixed, it seems fair to say that the EU actors have made significant progress in working together to achieve agreed objectives. Challenges still exist and call for further common efforts, but the experience gathered will help making the next steps towards consolidating EU “actorness” in this field. In particular, the systematic ‘lessons learned’ process introduced for ESDP operations as well as linking any lessons to capability development are positive features whose beneficial effects will likely continue to grow in future

The European Union: A Peace Actor in the Making? Reflections Based on the ESDP Crisis Management Operations in Africa