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The article deals with the meanings of the English preposition “by” in the IX-XIX centuries and their Azerbaijani equivalents. During that period the preposition “by” had more than 10 variants of writing. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: ??; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">From the IX to the XIX centuries the preposition “by” was used in 6 main meanings: the meanings were connected with position, motion (or action), time, mental proximity, circumstances (condition, manner), medium (or means). Each of these meanings of the preposition “by” included a lot of small meanings or sub-meanings. </span

The Meanings of the Preposition “BY” in the IX-XIX Centuries with Their Azerbaijani Equivalents