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Obesity can cause various diseases, such as atherosclerosis. It has fatal effects and can even cause death if left untreated. The markers of atherosclerosis include molecule 1 VCAM-1.1,2 ICAM-1 and cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40).3,4 ICAM-1, also known as CD54, is an adhesion molecule with similar structure and function as VCAM-1.2-4 VCAM-1 concentration increases remarkably after the cytokine stimulation of endothelial cells. VCAM-1 is expressed in neurons, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells.3 The synthesis and secretion of ICAM-1 can be stimulated by interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).2-4 ICAM-1 serves as a ligand for lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1).2,4,6 Upon activation, ICAM-1 or LFA-1 binds the leukocytes to endothelial cells, allowing the cells to migrate to the tissues.

Analysis of Several Inflammatory Markers Expression in Obese Rats given Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng Ethanol Extract