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Smoking prevalence tends to be highest among people with the lowest levels of education and income, especially those living in low and middleincome countries. Therefore, current projections indicate that the number of smokers globally will increase to 1.6 billion over the next 25 years.1 Nevertheless, the overall number of cigarette smokers decreased from 12.2 million to 10.86 million between 1991 and 2007, but the number of younger men (aged around 18 years) and women (aged about 22 years) smokers increased.2 The Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC) from the World Health Organization (WHO), was the first international health treaty to be endorsed by 180 countries, including Thailand, and it reported an increased annual consumption by over 500 cigarettes per adult.3 Therefore, The Thai Health Professional Alliance against Tobacco (ThaiPAT) was established in late 2005 and has been campaigning since 2007.4 The Thai government has been campaigning for a reduction in smoking rate by providing various services such as behavioral counseling and/or suggestions on how to quit using the one-stop service or 1,600 telephone lines, as well as smoking cessation clinics in many hospitals. Previous evidence has shown that behavioral counseling with pharmacotherapy via nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is successful,5,6 and using NRT increased the rate of smoking cessation by 50-70%.7 Unfortunately, there is not only the major disadvantage of highcost nicotine replacement, 8 but also various adverse effects such as skin irritations, soreness of the mouth and throat, mouth ulcers, hiccups and coughing. 9 Thus, natural plants can be developed for use instead of NRT, but there is less scientific evidence to support their effectiveness on smoking reduction. However, medicinal herbal tea from China, containing Eugenia aromaticum and Astragalus membranaceus Bunge, underwent a 4-week trial to reduce smoking withdrawal symptoms, and 38% of active smokers drinking the tea succeeded in smoking cessation. 10 Furthermore, Vernonia cinerea (VC) in Thailand has been reported in Thai traditional medicine as an anti-smoking aid, and it has been studied in a special stop-smoking clinic at Thanyarak Institute in Pathumthani, Thailand. The results of a 14-day ABSTRACT Backgound: Vernonia cinerea (VC) is a natural plant claimed to reduce cigarette smoking. Some pilot anti-smoking products with nicotine replacement, such as lozenges or gum, have been presented, but with some adverse effects. Thus, application of VC as a new-anti-smoking product is very challenging. Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the active compounds; total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine, and study antioxidant activity on scavenging 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrzayl (DPPH) radicals of extracts prepared by spray drying (SD) and freeze drying (FD) techniques for pilot hard candy. Methods: Raw VC materials of mixed parts, i.e., the stem, flowers and leaves, were made to form extracts by FD and SD techniques. Then, extract from the SD technique was manufactured industrially into hard candy containing glucose syrup and refined glucose. Total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, nicotine, scavenging activity of extracts, VC hard candy and placebo candy were evaluated by folin-ciocalteau reagent, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, ABTS cation decolorization and DPPH protocols. Results: Total phenolic compounds were significantly different between extracts, but total flavonoids and nicotine were slightly higher in SD extract. Antioxidant activity of both extracts on ABTS radicals was not significantly different, but the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on DPPH radicals was significantly higher in SD extract when compared to the FD extract. Finally, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine, as well as scavenging activity could be detected in hard candy. Conclusion: VC can be used as an anti-smoking aid with nicotine replacement and anti-oxidant compounds in pilot hard candy.

pharmacognosy journal

Potential of Hard Candy Containing Spray-Dried Vernonia cinerea Extract with Total Phenolic Compounds, Total Flavonoids and Nicotine Replacement as an Anti-Smoking Aid