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Diabetes mellitus has become one of the primary threats to human health, with its rapidly increasing prevalence, and gravely debilitating clinical complications1. Over the past decade, diabetes prevalence has risen faster in low and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has projected that DM will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Hyperglycemia or high blood sugar is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, which might lead to serious heart, blood vessel, eye, kidney, and nerve damage over time 2,3. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is the most common form of diabetes, is produced by the ineffective use of insulin in the body and is characterized by disorders of insulin action and secretion. Either one of these mechanisms could be the predominant feature, but generally, when diagnosed, both are manifested1. In T2DM, particularly, it is believed that oxidative stress caused by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the cause of vascular complication development4. Hyperglycemic condition of DM patients will produce tissue damage via the formation of ROS through five major mechanisms that have been shown to be activated by mitochondrial ROS overproduction: increased flux of glucose and other sugars through the polyol pathway; increased formation of advanced glycation end products; increased expression of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and its activating ligands; activation of protein kinase C isoforms; and over-activity of the hexosamine pathway5-7.

The Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Properties and Phytochemical Profile of Clusia latipes Extracts