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The phenomenon of flowering in plants is one of the most explored areas in the field of reproductive biology which is governed by both endogenous and exogenous metabolites. Floral whorls in the African tulip tree, Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. develop inside the closed gamosepalous calyx submerged in the watery fluid often referred to as water calyces or water jacket. The presence of water calyx in S. campanulata was ascribed to be beneficial in the floral development and the liquid is reported to be alkaline in nature with traces of hydrochlorides, carbonates, nitrates, ammonia; sulphates of potassium, sodium and calcium. The secretion is often called as “fluid produced from calyx hydathodes instead of nectar”.1-2 The cuplike water calyces serve merely as defense tool in deterring floral herbivores and in protecting the sex organs during unfavorable consequences of strong transpiration.2-4 The fluid has been demonstrated to possess antimicrobial and multi-potential biomolecules necessary for the development.5 Primary metabolites are involved in plethora of cellular reactions resulting in the overall growth of the plant body.6 Sugars in plant act as a signaling molecule and are required for the development of reproductive structures.7 Amino acids are the fundamental basic component of proteins in plants besides its cellular signaling.6 Amino acid metabolism plays a key role in protein synthesis, flower initiation, development and floral differentiation as these are the only endogenous nitrogenous compounds available within the plants.8 Phenolics play a vital role in pigment production and plant protection from biotic and abiotic stress.9 Plant growth hormone auxin is involved in cell fate and many organ and flower development.10,11 Significant information is provided on the nitrogen metabolism, enzymes and phenolic acid metabolism in S. campanulata P. Beauv.12-14 However, the existing knowledge on the biochemical composition of aforementioned molecules in the fluid and its physicochemical properties are fragmented except mineral content and antimicrobial activity. Hence, the present work was undertaken to provide a systematic account of bio-physicochemical composition in the water calyx fluid of S. campanulata and its role during the course of flower development.

Bio-Physicochemical Studies on Water Calyx Fluid in the African Tulip Tree, Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.