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It is well known that reflected waves and resonance affect phase distortion. In addition, phase delay can be distorted by antenna impedance. In this study, we analyze the phase delay variation caused by the antenna impedance, considering mutual coupling effects. In addition, we confirm the beam steering characteristics. When was −10 dB and −7 dB, the maximum phase delay error was 18.5° and 26.5°, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation with an eight-element linear array antenna demonstrated that the RMS error of the beam steering angle ranged from 0.19° to 0.4°, and the standard deviation ranged from 0.14° to 0.33° when the beam steering angle was in the range of 0° to 30°, with the uniformly distributed phase error of 18.5° and 26.5°. The side lobe level increased from 0.74 dB to 1.21 dB by the phase error from the theoretical value of −12.8 dB, with a standard deviation of 0.31 dB to 0.51 dB. This is verified by designing an eight-element spiral array antenna.

Analysis of TTD Phase Delay Error and Its Effect on Phased Array Antenna due to Impedance Mismatch