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Receptor complex formation at the cell surface is a key step to initiate downstream signaling but the contribution of this process for the regulation of the direction of downstream responses is not well understood. In the plant-microbe interactions, while CERK1, an Arabidopsis LysM-RLK, mediates chitin-induced immune responses, NFR1, a Lotus homolog of CERK1, regulates the symbiotic process with rhizobial bacteria through the recognition of Nod factors. Concerning the mechanistic insight of the regulation of such apparently opposite biological responses by the structurally related RLKs, Nakagawa et al. previously showed that the addition of YAQ sequence, conserved in NFR1 and other symbiotic LysM-RLKs, to the kinase domain of CERK1 switched downstream responses from defense to symbiosis using a set of chimeric receptors, NFR1-CERK1s. These results indicated that such a subtle difference in the cytoplasmic domain of LysM-RLKs could determine the direction of host responses from defense to symbiosis. On the other hand, it is still not understood how such structural differences in the cytoplasmic domains determine the direction of host responses. We here analyzed the interaction between chimeric NFR1s and NFR5, a partner receptor of NFR1, by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) of these proteins transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana . These results indicated that the cytoplasmic interaction between the LysM-RLKs is important for the symbiotic receptor complex formation and the YAQ containing region of NFR1 contributes to trigger symbiotic signaling through the successful formation of NFR1/NFR5 complex.

Cytoplasmic interaction of LysM receptors contributes to the formation of symbiotic receptor complex