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We analyzed flower color mutants of cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) obtained by ion-beam irradiation with an idea that a comprehensive analysis of anthocyanin and its biosynthetically related compounds, such asavonols and cinnamic acid derivatives, is necessary in order to understandower color expression mechanism. In this review, we discuss mechanisms forower color mutation and deduce the following ideas: anthocyanin a nd its biosynthetically related compounds are cooperatively and compensatively regulated; multiple factors are oen concerned in the expression of the same color phenotypes; and changes in chemical structure of a pigment induces new properties that generate novel phenotypes. Abbreviations: Cy3G, cyanidin 3-glucoside; Cy3,5dG, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside; Cy3MG, cyanidin 3-malylglucoside; Cy3,5cMdG, cyanidin 3,5-cyclicmalyldiglucoside; Dp3,5dG, delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; KM, fragrant cyclamen cultivar—'Kaori-no-mai'; Mv3,5dG, malvidin 3,5-diglucoside; Pg3G, pelargonidin 3-glucoside; Pg3,5dG, pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside; Pg3 MG, p elargonidin 3-malylglucoside; Pg3,5cMdG, pelargonidin 3,5-cyclicmalyldiglucoside; TLC, thin-layer chromatography; UR, fragrant cyclamen cultivar—'Uruwashi-no-kaori'. a

plant biotechnology

Comprehensive analyses of anthocyanin and related compounds to understand flower color change in ion-beam mutants of cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)