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Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can develop due to smoking, it may also occur as a result of factors such as occupational exposure to dust (as experienced by mine workers), air pollution, asthma, bronchitis, and genetic susceptibility (1). In the pathophysiology of COPD, there is an increased chronic inflammatory response of airways and lung tissue against harmful gases and particles. Generally defined as an airway obstruction, COPD is specifically described as a prolonged expiratory phase (2). The number of deaths annually due to COPD is approximately 2.9 million people worldwide, and this number is increasing both in Turkey and on a global scale (3). With early diagnosis and the cessation of smoking, its progression can be halted and the prognosis is good (4). The most common symptoms of COPD that negatively affect the quality of lilfe are shortness of breath, chronic cough, and the production of sputum (5).

easterns journal of medicine/eastern journal of medicine

Results of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery in Female Smokers and Female Patients who make Tandoori who had Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease