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In the present four-year longitudinal study we investigated lifestyle factors that would improve the physical ˆtness of children considered to have ``inferior'' physical ˆtness. The participants were 9,593 elementary school children. Personal data obtained annually were linked over four years. In the ˆrst year, we focused on the group considered to have inferior physical ˆtness (T-score <45). We calculated the degree of change in terms of diŠerences in T-scores between the ˆrst and fourth years. On the basis of the change evident in the fourth year, we subdivided the ``inferior'' group into two groups: those showing a decrease or increase in physical ˆtness. We then analyzed the lifestyle changes in the two groups. In the group showing increased physical ˆtness, ˆtness had improved to the national average after three years. Improvement of exercise habits was show to enhance ˆtness, whereas deterioration of exercise habits reduced ˆtness. This diŠerence between the groups was signiˆcant. In contrast, health habits and dietary habits showed no signiˆcant inter-group diŠerences, and no association with physical ˆtness. These results suggest that improved exercise habits can help attain the national average or even increase the physical ˆtness of a child who has been previously evaluated to have inferior ˆtness.

A Four-Year Longitudinal Study of Lifestyle Factors Analysis for Improving Inferior Physical Fitness among Elementary and Junior High School Students*