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forests are research topics of increasing importance. The higher resistance and resilience of mixed forests to natural and anthropogenic disturbances (Jactel et al., 2009) combined with the higher biodiversity and carbon storage capacity which result in a higher potential for mitigation substantiate this timely research. To date, these features have been studied separately for different mixtures of species, management practices and specific growing conditions. Existing knowledge and technological breakthrough must now be integrated for a better understanding of these forests and their ability to face global changes, while securing the maintenance of multiple ecosystem services. Despite the importance of mixed forests, much more scientific knowledge has been devoted to monocultures than to admixtures. There is a long history of management of pure stands (i.e. forests with one single tree species or monocultures), in contrast, mixed stands have often had their dominant species managed while the secondary ones were only inventoried, monitored or even removed if considered less economically valuable. The lack of general management rules applicable to mixed forests is not the only threat to their sustainability. The effects of rapid climate and socio-economic changes are expected to impact forest structure and functioning. In this changing context, maintaining the provision of ecosystem services from forests and reducing risks constitute the main challenges to forest managers and policy makers. In forestry, this could be achieved through the implementation of silvicultural strategies oriented to enhance diversity of and in forests. Thus, silviculture measures and management strategies specially devised for mixed-forests’ emerge as a primary need. The scientific interest on mixed forests has already produced reviews and case studies on silviculture and management of mixed-species stands (Kelty, 1992), and a summary of practices in Western Europe has been presented by Olsthoorn et al. (1999). The linkage between biodiversity and functioning has been identified as a hot research topic on mixed forests (SchererLorenzen et al., 2005). The promotion of mixed stands of well adapted species has been pointed as an important adaptation measure for European forests facing projected climate change (Kolström et al., 2011). Recent studies have underlined the importance of species’ diversity for most forest functions and services (Hector & Bagchi, 2007). Moreover, particular interest has been put in the relationship between species diversity and productivity (Morin et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2012), as the latter is a key variable for ecology, economy and sustainability (Scherer-Lorenzen et al., 2005). Many other studies describe an over-yielding of mixed versus pure stands due to continuous faciliEuMIXFOR Introduction: integrating scientific knowledge in sustainable management of Mixed Forests

EuMIXFOR Introduction: integrating scientific knowledge in sustainable management of mixed forests