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There is an increasing need to develop efficient methods for characterising and monitoring forest biodiversity. A landscapescale approach and assessment can provide complementary and valuable information in this respect, by consideringpatterns and processes that operate at broad scales and influence different aspects of forest biodiversity. Here we analysedthe relationships between six forest biodiversity indicators (related to the tree and shrub layers and estimated from a largeset of field plots from the Third Spanish National Forest Inventory) and landscape structure, environmental and managementvariables at a 10 x 10 km scale in the region of Catalonia (NE Spain) through the variation partitioning method. Thetree layer indicators were those most predictable from the set of explanatory variables considered, and up to 77.2 % of totalvariation was explained for tree species richness. Landscape variables were much more relevant to explain biodiversitypatterns than environmental and spatial factors, and landscape composition outperformed the predictive capacity of configurationmetrics. Management had a weak but positive effect on the tree layer indicators, while the amount of early successionalforest was negatively associated to the tree layer indicators but positively to those of the shrub stratum. Our resultshighlight the need to (1) concentrate field sampling efforts in those indicators that are less predictable from the landscapescale, such as those related to rare species with a high conservation value, and to (2) incorporate landscape structurevariables for forest biodiversity assessments in the Mediterranean, where a landscape management approach may be particularlysuited to allow the adaptation of forest biodiversity to the ongoing landscape dynamics related to broad-scaleprocesses such as rural land abandonment or climate change

Relating landscape structure, environment and management to biodiversity indicators estimated from forest inventory data in Catalonia (NE Spain)