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Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Universita degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy (Received on June 24, 2011; Revised on October 13, 2011; Accepted on October 16, 2011)Chemotype composition of Fusarium graminearumstrains, isolated from durum wheat kernels fromnaturally FHB infected fields in Northern and CentralItaly, was investigated by multiplex PCR. The differentclimatic and environmental conditions of the twoexamined areas separated by the Apennines affected thecomposition of chemotypes. 15Ac-DON chemotype waspredominant in both the sub areas. Nivalneol chemo-type was more frequent in the warmer sub area.Keywords :chemotype, durum wheat, Fusarium graminearum,Fusarium head blightFusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae(Schwein.) Petch.) is the major pathogen responsible ofFusarium head blight (FHB), an economically crucial andcomplex etiology disease on cereal crops worldwide(Goswami and Kistler, 2004). FHB has received moreattention because of its effect on yield (Parry et al., 1995),grain quality (Liggitt et al., 1997) and grain contaminationby mycotoxins (Visconti et al., 2000). FHB resistantcultivars are considered one of the solutions for the problemrelated to mycotoxin contamination in wheat grains (Lemmenset al., 2004), but unfortunately to date no resistant cultivar iscommercially available for durum wheat. Most attention inthe analysis of grain affected by FHB was placed oncontamination by deoxynivalenol (DON), acetylated formsof DON (3Ac-DON and 15Ac-DON) and nivalenol (NIV).DON is a mycotoxin that disturbs and/or inhibits DNA,RNA and protein synthesis by binding to the ribosomalpeptidyltransferase site leading to a decrease of cell pro-liferation (Shifrin and Anderson, 1999). It is also known asvomitoxin and it is responsible for hemorrhagic andanorexic syndromes, neurotoxic and immunotoxic effectsin mammals (Visconti et al., 2004). DON contaminationlevels in food and feed were found to be much higher thanthose observed for NIV (Boutigny et al., 2011), beingprobably the most negligible toxin due to the small amountusually detected (Yazar and Omurtag, 2008), but withconsistent levels in many Asian countries, New Zealandand Brazil (Placinta et al., 1999). However, NIV has shownto have a higher toxicity than DON, for example, in humanblood cells (Minervini et al., 2004). This toxin has alsoshown higher activity than DON in inhibiting DNA, and itmay account for various toxic phenomena such as inductionof cell death (Poapolathep et al., 2002). Based on the production of type B trichothecenes, DONand NIV, three F. graminearum chemotypes have beendescribed: 3Ac-DON, 15Ac-DON and NIV. Chemotypeidentification is broadly used to characterize F. graminearumfor its toxigenic potential (Pasquali et al., 2009). There wasa correlation between the presence of F. graminearumchemotype and wheat grain mycotoxin content. DON andNIV contents can be successfully predicted by quantifyingthe fungal biomass of DON and NIV producers with a real-time PCR quantification method (Brandfass and Karlovsky,2006; Burlakoti et al., 2007; Pasquali et al., 2009). The dominant chemotypes of F. graminearum varywithin geographical areas, i.e. different countries and/orcontinents (Prodi et al., 2009b), but some host preferencemay affect the composition of chemotypes of F. grami-nearum population. Within the same country, the differentgeographical areas (i.e. plain, mountains, valleys, etc.) anddistances from the sea, may also affect the composition ofchemotypes of a fungal population. Mountains may play animportance role as natural obstacles by inhibiting the

plant pathology journal/the plant pathology journal

Difference in Chemotype Composition of Fusarium graminearum Populations Isolated from Durum Wheat in Adjacent Areas Separated by the Apennines in Northern-Central Italy