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By development of renewable energy and more efficient facilities in an increasingly de- regulated electricity market, the operation cost of distributed generation (DG) is becoming more com- petitive. International environmental regulations of the leaking carbon become effective to reinforce global efforts for a low-carbon paradigm. Through increased DG, operators of DG are able to supply electric power to customers who are connected directly to DG as well as loads that are connected to en- tire network. In this situation, a community energy system (CES) with DGs is a new participant in the energy market. DG's purchase price from the market is different from the DG's sales price to the market due to trans- mission service charges and other costs. Therefore, CES who owns DGs has to control the produced electric power per hourly period in order to maximize profit. Considering the international environ- ment regulations, CE will be an important element to decide the marginal cost of generators as well as the classified fuel unit cost and unit's efficiency. This paper introduces the optimal operation of CES's DG connected to the distribution network con- sidering CE. The purpose of optimization is to maximize the profit of CES. A Particle Swarm Optimi- zation (PSO) will be used to solve this complicated problem. The optimal operation of DG represented in this paper would guide CES and system operators in determining the decision making criteria.

The Optimal Operation for Community Energy System Using a Low-Carbon Paradigm with Phase-Type Particle Swarm Optimization