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Contemporary Ghanaian popular singing combines European and traditionalGhanaian influences. We hypothesize that access to technology embedded withequal temperament catalyzed a progressive alignment of Ghanaian singing withequal-tempered scales over time. To test this, we study the Ghanaian singerDaddy Lumba, whose work spans from the earliest Ghanaian electronic style inthe late 1980s to the present. Studying a singular musician as a case studyallows us to refine our analysis without over-interpreting the findings. Wecurated a collection of his songs, distributed between 1989 and 2016, toextract F0 values from isolated vocals. We used Gaussian mixture modeling (GMM)to approximate each song's scale and found that the pitch variance has beendecreasing over time. We also determined whether the GMM components follow thearithmetic relationships observed in equal-tempered scales, and observed thatDaddy Lumba's singing better aligns with equal temperament in recent years.Together, results reveal the impact of exposure to equal-tempered scales,resulting in lessened microtonal content in Daddy Lumba's singing. Our studyhighlights a potential vulnerability of Ghanaian musical scales and implies aneed for research that maps and archives singing styles.

F0 analysis of Ghanaian pop singing reveals progressive alignment with equal temperament over the past three decades: a case study