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The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) was designed to conduct asurvey covering 14,000 deg$^2$ over five years to constrain the cosmicexpansion history through precise measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations(BAO). The scientific program for DESI was evaluated during a five month SurveyValidation (SV) campaign before beginning full operations. This programproduced deep spectra of tens of thousands of objects from each of the stellar(MWS), bright galaxy (BGS), luminous red galaxy (LRG), emission line galaxy(ELG), and quasar target classes. These SV spectra were used to optimizeredshift distributions, characterize exposure times, determine calibrationprocedures, and assess observational overheads for the five-year program. Inthis paper, we present the final target selection algorithms, redshiftdistributions, and projected cosmology constraints resulting from thosestudies. We also present a `One-Percent survey' conducted at the conclusion ofSurvey Validation covering 140 deg$^2$ using the final target selectionalgorithms with exposures of a depth typical of the main survey. The SurveyValidation indicates that DESI will be able to complete the full 14,000 deg$^2$program with spectroscopically-confirmed targets from the MWS, BGS, LRG, ELG,and quasar programs with total sample sizes of 7.2, 13.8, 7.46, 15.7, and 2.87million, respectively. These samples will allow exploration of the Milky Wayhalo, clustering on all scales, and BAO measurements with a statisticalprecision of 0.28% over the redshift interval $z<1.1$, 0.39% over the redshiftinterval $1.1<z<1.9$, and 0.46% over the redshift interval $1.9<z<3.5$.

Validation of the Scientific Program for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument