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We examine the gender balance of the 18th and 19th meetings of the CambridgeWorkshop on Cool Stellar Systems and the Sun (CS18 and CS19). The percent offemale attendees at both meetings (31% at CS18 and 37% at CS19) was higher thanthe percent of women in the American Astronomical Society (25%) and theInternational Astronomical Union (18%). The representation of women in CoolStars as SOC members, invited speakers, and contributed speakers was similar toor exceeded the percent of women attending the meetings. We requested thatconference attendees assist in a project to collect data on the gender ofastronomers asking questions after talks. Using this data, we found that menwere over-represented (and women were under-represented) in the questionsessions after each talk. Men asked 79% of the questions at CS18 and 75% of thequestions at CS19, but were 69% and 63% of the attendees respectively. Contraryto findings from previous conferences, we did not find that the gender balanceof questions was strongly affected by the session chair gender, the speakergender, or the length of the question period. We also found that female andmale speakers were asked a comparable number of questions after each talk. Thecontrast of these results from previous incarnations of the gender questionssurvey indicate that more data would be useful in understanding the factorsthat contribute to the gender balance of question askers. We include apreliminary set of recommendations based on this and other work on relatedtopics, but also advocate for additional research on the demographics ofconference participants. Additional data on the intersection of gender withrace, seniority, sexual orientation, ability and other marginalized identitiesis necessary to fully address the role of gender in asking questions atconferences.

The Role of Gender in Asking Questions at Cool Stars 18 and 19