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Canada has thriving communities in CMB (cosmic microwave background) studies,cosmology and submillimetre (submm) astronomy, with involvement in manyfacilities that featured prominently in previous Astronomy Long Range Plans.The standard cosmological model continues to be well fit using a small numberof parameters. No one expects this model to be complete and so we need tocontinue to challenge it with data; moreover, it does not explain how galaxiesand other structures form. So, how do we improve the precision of ourunderstanding of structure formation within this model? Wavelengths from themicrowave to the submm will be particularly fruitful for answering thisquestion. That's because, in addition to the CMB anisotropies, there are othersignals that can be extracted from large maps at these wavelengths -particularly the cosmic infrared and submm backgrounds, the thermal and kineticSunyaev-Zeldovich effects, and CMB lensing. Such signals carry a wealth ofinformation about the cosmological model, as well as how dust, gas andstar-formation evolve within dark-matter halos. Cross-correlations betweenthese signals and those coming from the radio, optical and X-ray surveys, willprovide even more information. Canadians are already members of teams forseveral related facilities and are working to be involved in others. In orderfor Canada to be fully engaged in exploiting the detailed information comingfrom these cosmological signatures, it is crucial that we find the resources toparticipate competitively in a combination of projects currently being planned.Examples include CMB-S4, CCAT-prime, AtLAST, a new camera for JCMT, balloonprojects such as BFORE and a future ambitious CMB satellite.

Cosmology in front of the background: studying the growth of structure at CMB wavelengths