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The effects of exercise on the metabolism and balance of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) were investigated in healthy men. An effect of exercise intensity was observed on acute changes in Na and K metabolism. The plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone level were elevated on the day of exercise, and the overall whole-body Na loss increased with increasing sweat excretion due to a lower level of decreasing urinary excretion. Acute changes in Ca, Mg and P metabolism were observed during 175 minutes of exercise. The serum parathyroid hormone level was significantly elevated, and the urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion levels were also significantly increased. An overall whole-body loss was observed in Ca and Mg, but not in P.Under a dietary condition with little mineral supplementation during the exercise period, there was a significant positive shift in the Na balance, while the levels of K, Ca, Mg and P were maintained, although the possibility of overall whole-body losses was anticipated in the early days of the exercise period. However, a diet providing extra energy and increasing the intake of nutrients in proportion to energy intake level was sufficient for covering the increased excretion of these minerals in sweat; there was a significant positive shift in the Na and P balance, while the levels of K, Ca and Mg were maintained.These results suggest that a dietary regime that maintains the intake of nutrients per 1, 000kcal of energy intake would be reasonable for maintaining the nutritional status of Na, K, Ca, Mg and P under exercise conditions.

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Studies on Mineral Nutrition and Exercise in Men: Effects of Exercise on the Metabolism and Balance of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus