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International audienceThe upper Miocene sites of Hadjidimovo and Kalimantsi in South-Western Bulgaria have yielded a few fossils of the ailurid Simocyon Wagner, 1858, a skull and associated mandible of Promeles Zittel, 1890 (a relatively well-known member of the Mustelidae), and several skulls of Promephitis Gaudry, 1861, an Eurasian member of the Mephitidae, a family represented today by three American and one South-Asian genera, to which were also ascribed Palaeomephitis Jäger, 1839, Miomephitis Dehm, 1950, and Proputorius Filhol, 1890, from the Middle Miocene of Europe, as well as several American Clarendonian to Hemphillian genera. We show that the mephitid status of Palaeomephitis, Miomephitis, and Proputorius is doubtful, and that the late Miocene Promephitis is at a lower grade of encephalization than modern Mephitidae and could be the sister taxon of Pleistocene and modern forms, which can be called Mephitinae. Within this subfamily, the American Pleistocene and modern taxa form the sister group of the Asian Mydaus Cuvier, 1821, which displays numerous autapomorphies. A major, previously unnoticed characteristic of the Mephitinae and Promephitis is that their P4 lingual cusp is a hypocone, unlike that of the Clarendonian American forms, in which it is a protocone. If the latter taxa really belong to the Mephitidae, they must have split early in its history

Musteloid carnivores from the upper Miocene of South-Western Bulgaria, and the phylogeny of the Mephitidae