English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Objective: Botulinum toxin type-A is frequently injected for focal treatment of spasticity which appears in post-stroke, traumatic brain, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy at the physical therapy and rehabilitation clinics. Manual injections , electromyographyelectrical stimulation and ultrasonography guided interventions are commonly used in botulinum toxin type A applications. In this study, we aimed to evaluate preferences and relevant reasons of the residents working in the clinics of physical therapy, and rehabilitation for botulinum toxin type A injection techniques. Methods: Twelve physical medicine and rehabilitation residents who had applied each of these techniques at least five times under the supervision of instructors completed survey questionnaires. Results: The application techniques were preferred mostly for their effectiveness, size, and location of the muscle to be injected, reliability, and rapidity of application, During upper extremity applications mostly ultrasonographic guidance was preferred. Reliability was in the forefront for the first preference of ultrasonography. However, in lower extremity injections, the residents’ first choice was manual injection, and ultrasonography was the second alternative. In pediatric patients, the first choice was ultrasonography. The choice of the technique to be applied differed depending on the location and size of the muscle. Residents preferred manual injection for gastrocnemius-soleus and biceps, and ultrasonography for tibialis posterior, forearm and hand muscles. Conclusion: The residents preferences were affected from the muscle size and location, the time required for the application , the reliability of the methods. Accordingly, they preferred ultrasonography for forearm and hand muscles, and difficultly localized leg muscles. For easily localized leg muscles, they preferred manual injection technique because they found it as a practical and quick method.

The preferance of physical medicine and rehabilitation residents regarding botulinum toxin injection techniques