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be highly efficacious for refractory and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, with more than 90% of cure rates. The success of FMT in treating patients with C. difficile infection has suggested that FMT could be effective in other diseases associated with dysbiosis such as IBD. Several studies exploring the efficacy of FMT in patients with IBD have been reported, but the results are equivocal. Regarding UC, a systematic review of four case series that included 27 patients found that 24% of patients achieved clinical remission. In 2015, two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of FMT in patients with UC were published, which reported contradictory results. One study by Moayyedi et al. that randomized 75 patients with UC to receive FMT (50 mL enema, from an unrelated healthy donor) or placebo (50 mL water enema) once weekly for 6 weeks demonstrated a statistically significant benefit in the FMT group, with clinical and endoscopic remission at 7 weeks in comparison with outcomes in the placebo group (24% vs. 5%, respectively). On the contrary, a second study by Rossen et al. that randomized 48 patients with UC to receive FMT (via nasogastric tube, healthy donor) or placebo (autologous fecal microbiota) at 0 and 3 weeks showed no statistically significant difference in remission at 12 weeks (30% vs. 20%, respectively). Very recently, another RCT by Paramsothy et al. that randomized 85 patients with UC to receive FMT (150 mL enema, blended stool from 3 to 7 unrelated donors) or placebo (150 mL enema) 5 days per week for 8 weeks, demonstrated a statistically significant benefit in the FMT group, with clinical (steroid-free) and endoscopic remission at 8 weeks in comparison with outcomes in the placebo The exact pathogenesis of IBD, including CD and UC, is not clear. However, it has been accepted that IBD results from inappropriate and ongoing immune reactions to specific components of the intestinal microbiota in a genetically susceptible host, triggered by various environmental factors. Several human and animal studies have shown that dysbiosis, an altered intestinal microbial profile, is associated with IBD, and that the intestinal microbiota seems to play a crucial role in the development of this disease. Although most current therapies focusing on suppression of the immune system (e.g., corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics) have been effective in treating IBD, a considerable proportion of patients have still been refractory to these treatments. Considering the pathophysiological role of the intestinal microbiota, targeting the microbiota might be an attractive therapeutic approach for IBD. However, treatments manipulating the microbial imbalance of the intestines, including antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics, have been mostly discouraging so far. As an alternative therapeutic strategy, altering the dysbiotic intestinal microbial community through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been proposed and investigated in the treatment of IBD. FMT involves the infusion of feces (the entire intestinal microbiota) from healthy donors into

Is there a potential role of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease?